{"id":342,"date":"2024-05-26T23:17:25","date_gmt":"2024-05-26T15:17:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cococat.top\/?p=342"},"modified":"2024-05-26T23:17:25","modified_gmt":"2024-05-26T15:17:25","slug":"trait-object-1-overview","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cococat.top\/index.php\/2024\/05\/26\/trait-object-1-overview\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1a\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u7efc\u8ff0"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1. \u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8<\/h2>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u662f rust \u793e\u533a\u5927\u795e quinedot \u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/quinedot.github.io\/rust-learning\/dyn-trait-overview.html\">\u7cfb\u5217\u6587\u7ae0<\/a> \u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7248\u3002\u6211\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u5404\u4e2a\u5e73\u53f0\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u5230\u73b0\u5b58\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c1d\u8bd5\u505a\u4e9b\u642c\u8fd0\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u6280\u672f\u548c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6c34\u5e73\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u96be\u514d\u6709\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u6b22\u8fce\u5927\u5bb6\u5bf9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e0d\u5f53\u4e4b\u5904\u8fdb\u884c\u6307\u6b63\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u672c\u7cfb\u5217\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u7b2c 1 \u7bc7\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u4e00\u4e9b\u6bd4\u8f83\u96be\u4ee5\u5b9a\u593a\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff1a<\/h3>\n<h4>base type<\/h4>\n<p>\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u5927\u91cf\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u8bcd\uff0c\u5176\u672c\u610f\u662f\u6307\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u539f\u6587\u4e2d\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u540c\u4e49\u8868\u8fbe\u662f &quot;implementor&quot;\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u5b9e\u73b0\u8005\u201d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81 <code>Trait<\/code> \uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709 <code>impl Trait for Foo<\/code>\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48 <code>Foo<\/code> \u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a base type \u6216 implementor\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u201c\u57fa\u7c7b\u201d\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u8ba9\u4eba\u8054\u60f3\u5230 C++ \u7b49\u7ecf\u5178 OOP \u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684 base class\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u8ba9\u6211\u62d2\u7edd\u8fd9\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u6df7\u6dc6\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>base type \u662f\u7c7b\u578b\uff08type\uff09\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7c7b\uff08class\uff09<\/li>\n<li>rust \u7684\u7279\u5f81\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e OOP \u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u6982\u5ff5\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u5dee\u8ddd<\/li>\n<li><code>Trait<\/code> \u662f\u62bd\u8c61\uff0cbase type \u662f\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1b\u800c C++ \u4e2d\u57fa\u7c7b\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u3001\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u6070\u597d\u76f8\u53cd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u800c\u7528\u5b57\u9762\u7ffb\u8bd1\u201c\u57fa\u7840\u7c7b\u578b\u201d\u4e5f\u7565\u663e\u62d7\u53e3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u6682\u65f6\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e0d\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>2. \u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08<code>dyn Trait<\/code>\uff09\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48<\/h2>\n<p><code>dyn Trait<\/code> \u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08trait object\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684<strong>\u7c7b\u578b<\/strong>\uff0c\u5b83\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u7279\u5f81 <code>Trait<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728 rust \u4e2d\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 <code>Sized<\/code> \u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5b9a\u957f\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u793a\u8be5\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u662f\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 <code>Trait<\/code> \u7684\u5b9a\u957f\u7c7b\u578b\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362\uff08coerce\uff09\u4e3a <code>dyn Trait<\/code> \u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5176\u539f\u672c\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u88ab\u201c\u64e6\u9664\u201d\u4e86\u3002\u7531\u4e8e <code>Trait<\/code> \u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5b9e\u73b0\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u5f97\u77e5\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u9759\u6001\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u73b0 <code>Sized<\/code>\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u4e0d\u5b9a\u957f\u7c7b\u578b\uff08unsized\uff09\u201d\u6216\u201c\u52a8\u6001\u5927\u5c0f\u7c7b\u578b\uff08dynamically sized types, DST\uff09\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u90fd\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e2a\u73b0\u6709\u53d8\u91cf\u8fdb\u884c\u7c7b\u578b\u64e6\u9664\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81 <code>Trait<\/code> \u800c\u540e\u7acb\u523b\u51ed\u7a7a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a <code>dyn Trait<\/code> \u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u800c\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u518d\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 <code>Trait<\/code> \u7684 base type\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5bf9\u8be5\u7c7b\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76ee\u524d\uff0cRust \u5bf9\u4e0d\u5b9a\u957f\u7c7b\u578b\u5b58\u5728\u8bf8\u591a\u9650\u5236\uff1a\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u5c06\u4e0d\u5b9a\u957f\u7c7b\u578b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u6216\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u5b9a\u957f\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u91c7\u53d6\u67d0\u4e9b\u95f4\u63a5\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08indirection\uff09\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5982 <code>Box&lt;dyn Trait&gt;<\/code>\u3001<code>&amp;dyn Trait<\/code>\u3001<code>Arc&lt;dyn Trait&gt;<\/code> \u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95f4\u63a5\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u8981\u4e48\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u5bbd\u6307\u9488\uff08wide pointer, or fat pointer\uff09\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u542b\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bbd\u6307\u9488\u3002\u5bbd\u6307\u9488\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u539f\u59cb\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5219\u6307\u5411\u865a\u8868\uff08vtable\uff09\u3002\u865a\u8868\u542b\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u539f\u59cb\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u6307\u5411\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3001\u6307\u5411 <code>Trait<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u865a\u8868\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u5206\u53d1\u673a\u5236\uff08dynamic dispatchTODO:\uff09\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u8ba9\u4e0d\u540c\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8c03\u7528\u53ef\u4ee5\u843d\u5230\u5404\u81ea\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e0a\u3002\uff08\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u5bbd\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53c2\u8003<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/103847632\">\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0<\/a>\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6784\u9020\u5982 <code>dyn Trait + Send + Sync<\/code> \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<code>Send<\/code> \u548c <code>Sync<\/code> \u662f\u81ea\u52a8\u7279\u5f81\uff08auto-traits\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u542b\u4efb\u610f\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u7279\u5f81\u4f5c\u4e3a\u989d\u5916\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 <code>Trait + \u81ea\u52a8\u7279\u5f81<\/code> \u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u90fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0crust \u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a<strong>\u975e<\/strong>\u81ea\u52a8\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u7f16\u8bd1\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-rust\">trait Trait1 {}\ntrait Trait2 {};\nstruct S(Box&lt;dyn Trait1 + Trait2&gt;);<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u7279\u5f81\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a supertrait \u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-rust\">trait Trait1 {}\ntrait Trait2 {}\ntrait Super: Trait1 + Trait2 {}\nstruct S(Box&lt;dyn Super&gt;);<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>2.1. \u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f<\/h3>\n<p>\u524d\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u5230\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5766\u767d\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bf4\u6cd5\u4e0d\u591f\u51c6\u786e\u3002<code>dyn Trait<\/code> \u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u6784\u9020\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff08\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u539f\u6587\u662f type constructor\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u62d9\u89c1\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u201c\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u4ee5\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\u4e0e\u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c<code>dyn Trait<\/code> \u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5e26\u6709\u67d0\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f <code>&#039;a<\/code> \u7684 <code>dyn Trait + &#039;a<\/code> \u624d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u901a\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u7701\u7565\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6211\u4eec\u7a0d\u540e\uff08TODO:\uff09\u4f1a\u63a2\u8ba8\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u662f\u6bcf\u79cd\u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u7701\u7565\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>2.2. \u5173\u4e8e\u5173\u8054\u7c7b\u578b<\/h3>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u5177\u6709\u975e\u6cdb\u578b\u7684\u5173\u8054\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u6784\u5efa\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u663e\u5f0f\u6307\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u8054\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-rust\">let _: Box&lt;dyn Iterator&lt;Item = i32&gt;&gt; = Box::new([1, 2, 3].into_iter());<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u540e\u9762\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff08TODO:\uff09\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u8ba8\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bdd\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>3. \u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u7684\u6027\u8d28<\/h2>\n<h3>3.1. \u4e0d\u5b9e\u73b0 <code>Sized<\/code><\/h3>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u524d\u9762\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u5230\u8fc7\uff0c\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u4e0d\u5b9a\u957f\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u73b0 <code>Sized<\/code>\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6cdb\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c<strong>\u6cdb\u578b\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u9690\u542b\u4e86 <code>Sized<\/code> \u7ea6\u675f<\/strong>\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u6cdb\u578b\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528 <code>dyn Trait<\/code> \u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528 <code>?Sized<\/code> \u6765\u79fb\u9664\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u8bf7\u770b\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-rust\">\/\/ \u51fd\u6570 `foo` \u53ea\u63a5\u53d7 `T: Sized`\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7 `&amp;dyn Trait`\uff0c\n\/\/ \u56e0\u4e3a `dyn Trait` \u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u73b0 `Sized`\u3002\nfn foo&lt;T: Trait&gt;(_: &amp;T) {}\n\n\/\/ \u51fd\u6570 `bar` \u63a5\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55 `T: Trait`\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u5b9e\u73b0 `Sized`\u3002\nfn bar&lt;T: Trait + ?Sized&gt;(_t: &amp;T) {\n    foo(t); \/\/ \u8fd9\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\uff0c\u8fd9\u80fd\u591f\u8bc1\u660e `foo` \u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u975e `Sized` \u7c7b\u578b\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>3.2. \u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u6cdb\u578b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b<\/h3>\n<p>\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u5bb9\u6613\u6df7\u6dc6\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f <code>&#039;a<\/code>\uff0c<code>dyn Trait + &#039;a<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u9759\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u88ab\u64e6\u9664\u7684 base type \u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u9759\u6001\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u770b\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-rust\">fn generic&lt;T: Trait&gt;(_rt: &amp;T) {}\nfn not_generic(_dt: &amp;dyn Trait) {}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5148\u6765\u770b\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u6cdb\u578b\u51fd\u6570 <code>generic()<\/code>\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6bcf\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b <code>T<\/code>\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u90fd\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u5e94\u7248\u672c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5355\u6001\u5316\uff08monomorphization\uff09\u3002\uff08\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4f1a\u88ab\u64e6\u9664\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5355\u6001\u5316\u3002\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u6307\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u5230\u5bf9\u5e94\u5355\u6001\u5316\u7248\u672c\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-rust\">let fp = generic::&lt;String&gt;; \/\/ fp \u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u662f fn generic&lt;String&gt;(&amp;String)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6cdb\u578b\u51fd\u6570 <code>generic()<\/code> \u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u9700\u8981\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684 <code>T: Trait<\/code> \u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684 <code>not_generic()<\/code> \u51fd\u6570\u53ea\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u7f16\u8bd1\u540e\u7684\u7248\u672c\u3002\u5728\u4f20\u53c2\u65f6\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4f1a\u5c06\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 <code>Trait<\/code> \u7684 base type \u64e6\u9664\u4e3a <code>dyn Trait + &#039;_<\/code>\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u51fd\u6570 <code>not_generic<\/code> \u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u6cdb\u578b\u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570\u5316\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u518d\u6765\u770b\u770b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-rust\">fn generic&lt;T: Trait&gt;(bx: Box&lt;T&gt;) {}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684 <code>bx: Box&lt;T&gt;<\/code> \u4e0d\u662f <code>Box&lt;dyn Trait&gt;<\/code>\u3002<code>Box&lt;T&gt;<\/code>\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u7a84\u6307\u9488\u201d\uff08thin pointer\uff0c\u4e0e\u5bbd\u6307\u9488\u76f8\u5bf9\uff09\uff0c\u6307\u5411\u5806\u4e0a\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a <code>T<\/code> \u7c7b\u578b\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u5728 1.1 \u8282\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u5230\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 <code>Trait<\/code> \u7684\u5b9a\u957f\u7c7b\u578b\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\u201d\uff1b\u800c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u6cdb\u578b <code>T<\/code> \u9690\u542b\u4e86 <code>Sized<\/code> \u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06 <code>bx<\/code> \u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a <code>Box&lt;dyn Trait + &#039;_&gt;<\/code>\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4 <code>bx<\/code> \u5f7b\u5e95\u53d8\u6210\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd <code>Box<\/code> \uff0c\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bbd\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u64e6\u9664\u4e86 <code>T<\/code> \u5e76\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u865a\u8868\u6307\u9488\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u540e\u9762\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff08TODO:\uff09\u63a2\u7d22\u66f4\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u6cdb\u578b\u548c\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u7ec6\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bfb\u8005\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u597d\u5947\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u90fd\u80fd\u5728 <code>&amp;dyn Trait<\/code> \u6216 <code>Box&lt;dyn Trait&gt;<\/code> \u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528 <code>Trait<\/code> \u91cc\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u663e\u5f0f\u5730\u58f0\u660e\u4efb\u4f55\u6b64\u7c7b\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u5176\u539f\u56e0\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5177\u4f53\u58f0\u660e\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728 <code>String<\/code> \u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528 <code>Display<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u9759\u6001\u53ef\u77e5\u7684\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230 <code>dyn Trait<\/code> \u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 <code>Trait<\/code>\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5b83\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230 <code>String<\/code> \u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 <code>Display<\/code> \u4e00\u6837\u3002<code>Trait<\/code> \u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6cdb\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c<code>Box&lt;dyn Trait&gt;<\/code> \u5e76\u975e\u81ea\u52a8\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 <code>Trait<\/code>\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u89e3\u5f15\u7528\uff08deref\uff09\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u6765\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bb8\u591a <code>std<\/code> \u91cc\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u5df2\u7ecf\u5e2e\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a <code>Box&lt;dyn Trait&gt;<\/code> \u5b9e\u73b0\u597d\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5728\u540e\u9762\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\uff08TODO:\uff09\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u8c08\u8c08\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c <code>Trait<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u672c\u5730\u7279\u5f81\uff08local trait\uff0c\u6307\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684 crate \u91cc\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728 <code>dyn Trait<\/code> \u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e3a <code>dyn Trait<\/code> \u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u4ed6\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u4f1a\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u793a\u4f8b\uff08TODO:\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.3. \u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8d85\u7c7b\u578b\uff08supertype\uff09<\/h3>\n<p>\u4eba\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff1a<code>dyn Trait<\/code> \u662f\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 <code>Trait<\/code> \u7684 base type \u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u8d85\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362\u6210 <code>dyn Trait<\/code>\u3002\u800c\u7279\u5f81\u7ea6\u675f\u548c\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u7ea6\u675f\u53c8\u6070\u597d\u5171\u7528\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u6cd5\uff08\u5192\u53f7\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9519\u8bef\u8ba4\u77e5\u66f4\u52a0\u6df1\u5165\u4eba\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ece base type \u5230\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362\u662f\u4e00\u79cd<strong>\u4e0d\u5b9a\u957f\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362<\/strong>\uff08unsizing coercion\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u4ece\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u5230\u8d85\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u9759\u6001\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u6d89\u53ca\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5e03\u5c40\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5c06\u7a84\u6307\u9488\u53d8\u4e3a\u5bbd\u6307\u9488\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8be5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81 <code>Trait<\/code> \u5b8c\u5168\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e C++ \u7b49\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u7c7b\uff08class\uff09\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u6ca1\u6709 base type \u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u521b\u5efa\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08\u5b83\u4eec\u7f3a\u5c11\u5185\u7f6e\u7684\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\uff09\uff0c\u4e14\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u8bb8\u591a\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u6211\u5efa\u8bae\u4e0d\u8981\u5c06 base type \u79f0\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u201c\u5b9e\u4f8b\u201d\uff08instance\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u8be5\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7279\u5f81\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a <code>String<\/code> \u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u521b\u5efa\u7684 <code>String<\/code>\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u201c<code>Display<\/code>\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca <code>Debug<\/code>\u3001<code>Write<\/code>\u3001<code>ToString<\/code> \u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u6211\u8bfb\u5230 \u201c<code>Trait<\/code> \u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u67d0\u4e2a\u672a\u88ab\u64e6\u9664\u7684\u3001\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 <code>Trait<\/code> \u7684 base type\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a <code>dyn Trait<\/code> \u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u7279\u5f81\u53ea\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684 <code>T: Trait<\/code> \u90fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u4e3a <code>dyn Trait + Send<\/code> \u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u7279\u5f81\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5230 <code>dyn Trait<\/code> \uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540e\u9762\uff08TODO:\uff09\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u63a2\u8ba8\u5728 Rust \u4e2d<em>\u6a21\u62df<\/em>\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\uff08dynamic typing\uff09\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u5c06\u63a2\u8ba8 supertrait \u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u540d\u79f0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u5b50\/\u8d85\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728 Rust \u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\uff08subtype\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u62e5\u6709\u66f4\u5e7f\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\uff08\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\u5bf9\u4e8e <code>&amp;&#039;a T<\/code> \u548c <code>&amp;&#039;b T<\/code> \uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709 <code>&#039;a: &#039;b<\/code> \uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a <code>&amp;&#039;b T<\/code> \u662f <code>&amp;&#039;a T<\/code> \u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u82db\u523b\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u7ea0\u6b63\uff1a\u7531\u4e8e\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61\u5177\u6709\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0a\u5b83\u4eec\u5176\u5b9e\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u8d85\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u5927\u591a\u6570 Rust \u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u641e\u6df7\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0e\u8d85\u7c7b\u578b\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\uff09<\/p>\n<h3>3.4. <code>dyn Trait<\/code> \u4e5f\u6709\u9650\u5236\u6761\u4ef6<\/h3>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u4e2d\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u80fd\u5c06\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 <code>Trait<\/code> \u7684 base type \u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362\u6210 <code>dyn Trait<\/code>\u3002\u7279\u5f81\u548c\u5176\u5b9e\u73b0\u8005\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u6ee1\u8db3\u67d0\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>4. \u603b\u7ed3<\/h2>\n<p>\u7279\u5f81\u5bf9\u8c61 <code>dyn Trait + &#039;a<\/code> \uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u3001\u9759\u6001\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u7c7b\u578b<\/li>\n<li>\u662f\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u64e6\u9664\u67d0\u4e2a <code>Trait<\/code> \u5b9e\u73b0\u8005\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u7c7b\u578b\u6765\u521b\u5efa<\/li>\n<li>\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6307\u5411\u64e6\u9664\u7c7b\u578b\u503c+\u6307\u5411\u9759\u6001\u865a\u8868\u7684\u5bbd\u6307\u9488\u6765\u4f7f\u7528<\/li>\n<li>\u662f\u62e5\u6709\u52a8\u6001\u5927\u5c0f\uff08unsized\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9e\u73b0 <code>Sized<\/code> \u7279\u5f81\uff09<\/li>\n<li>\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u52a8\u6001\u5206\u53d1\u673a\u5236\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0 <code>Trait<\/code><\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 <code>Trait<\/code> \u7684 base type \u7684\u8d85\u7c7b\u578b<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u662f\u6cdb\u578b<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 <code>Trait<\/code> \u7684 base type<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u7279\u5f81<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. \u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8 \u672c\u6587\u662f rust \u793e\u533a\u5927\u795e quinedot \u7684\u7cfb\u5217\u6587\u7ae0 \u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7248\u3002\u6211\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u5404\u4e2a\u5e73\u53f0\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u770b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[24,30],"class_list":["post-342","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-rust","tag-rust","tag-30"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cococat.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/342","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cococat.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cococat.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cococat.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cococat.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=342"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cococat.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/342\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cococat.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=342"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cococat.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=342"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cococat.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=342"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}